| ROS 2 / DDS Security | Participant identity, permissions context, protected middleware telemetry and action feedback | DDS governance, permissions, certificates, enclaves and cryptographic transport | Semantic physical-action validation and exact command authority |
| PLC / MES / HMI | Production intent, line state, interlock context and operator workflow evidence | Existing production logic and process ownership | Bounded robot mission validation and attributable command lineage |
| Safety PLC / E-stop / interlocks | Relevant safety/interlock state as evidence when available | Independent functional-safety authority | Cyber HOLD and security re-entry governance without replacing safety |
| Vendor controller / API | Controller state, capabilities, version/provider context and execution feedback | Vendor-native safety, credentials, limits, firmware and execution semantics | Provider-neutral pre-dispatch authorization and post-execution reconciliation |
| PKI / mTLS / workload identity | Authenticated peer and workload identity | Existing CA, certificate lifecycle and channel security | Separation between identity, application permission and physical authority |
| Secure boot / TPM / attestation | Trusted startup, version or attestation evidence where available | Hardware root of trust and firmware verification | Ability to make trusted platform state a condition of execution readiness |
| OT / CPS monitoring | Asset, network and anomaly context when useful | SOC, IDS, vulnerability management and network monitoring | Per-robot physical mission authority and evidence reconciliation |
| AI / agent / planner | Recommendation, plan or interpreted intent | Model remains advisory | Deterministic security boundary before any model output can become physical work |